The Special Troops Battalion was constituted 12 October 1943 in the Regular Army as Headquarters, Special Troops, 3rd Infantry Division. The Battalion was officially activated 16 June 1944 in Italy.

The Battalion was converted and re-designated 10 January 1949 as the 3rd Replacement Company. The Battalion was reorganized and re-designated 1 July 1957 as the 3d Administration Company and again on 21 May 1972 as the 3d Adjutant General Company. The Battalion was deactivated 30 September 1985 in Germany.

On 16 May 2004, the Special Troops Battalion, 3rd Infantry Division unfurled its colors at Marne Garden at Ft. Stewart, Georgia - the Army's first Division-level Special Troops Battalion. The Battalion formed, reorganized, trained, and deployed to OPERATION IRAQI FREEDOM III in just six months with about 1620 Soldiers assigned to its ranks. The Special Troops Battalion redeployed in January 2006 and immediately began regeneration and additional restructuring operations.

On June 13, 2006 the STB conducted it's first Change of Command ceremony, leading to the battalion's preparation to deployment in support of OPERATION IRAQI FREEDOM V. Multiple Division Command Post exercises and Tactical Operations center training events helped prepare the Battalion when in January 2007 the Division was called upon to support surge operations in Baghdad.

After completing six months of training in just six weeks, the STB deployed to OIF V in March 2007. The battalion arrived at Camp Victory and assumed full operational control of Multi-National Division-Center on 15 April 2007 with its four organic companies and two attached companies totaling over 1200 Soldiers.. During the deployment, the STB's mission stretched to 3 countries, ultimately supporting 4 Forward Operating Bases in Iraq.